Which level of ecological organization includes both living and non-living components?

The correct answer is the level of ecological organization known as the ecosystem. An ecosystem encompasses both the biotic (living) components, such as plants, animals, and microorganisms, and the abiotic (non-living) factors, including elements like water, soil, air, and sunlight. This interaction between living organisms and their physical environment creates a dynamic system where energy flows and nutrients cycle, illustrating the interconnectedness of life and its environment.

In contrast, a population refers specifically to a group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area, focusing solely on biotic factors. A community includes various populations interacting with one another, but does not consider the non-living components of the environment. Lastly, a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring, which does not address the ecological interactions or environmental factors present in an ecosystem.