What methodology might involve going from a general principle to specific predictions?

The methodology that involves going from a general principle to specific predictions is deduction. Deductive reasoning starts with a general statement or hypothesis and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. For example, if one accepts a general principle or law, such as "All mammals have hearts," one can deduce that a specific mammal, like a dog, will also have a heart. This process allows scientists to predict outcomes based on established theories or principles.

In contrast, induction involves making broader generalizations based on specific observations. While observation focuses on gathering data through senses or instruments, experimentation is about testing hypotheses through controlled methods. Deduction stands out because it relies on existing knowledge to make precise predictions, which is vital in scientific exploration and hypothesis testing.