How is chemosynthesis defined?

Chemosynthesis is defined as the use of chemical energy to produce carbohydrates. This process is primarily carried out by certain bacteria and archaea that can convert inorganic molecules, such as hydrogen sulfide or methane, into organic compounds. These organisms thrive in environments devoid of sunlight, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where they rely on the energy derived from chemical reactions to synthesize their food.

Through chemosynthesis, these microorganisms create glucose and other carbohydrates that serve as an energy source not only for themselves but also for the entire ecosystem that relies on them, particularly in extreme environments. This contrasts sharply with photosynthesis, where energy is harnessed from sunlight to produce carbohydrates.

The focus on the chemical energy aspect of chemosynthesis differentiates it from other processes such as photosynthesis (which relies on sunlight) and respiration (which involves breaking down organic compounds). This specificity captures the essence of chemosynthesis as a crucial biological process, particularly in ecosystems that do not have access to light.