Density-independent factors are best described as:

Density-independent factors are environmental conditions that impact populations without regard to their size. This means that whether a population is small or large, these factors can influence its growth and survival. Examples of density-independent factors include natural disasters like hurricanes, droughts, and floods, as well as climatic conditions such as temperature extremes. Because these factors exert their effects regardless of the population density, they can lead to significant changes in population size and dynamics.

The other choices focus on aspects that do not accurately describe density-independent factors. Some suggest predictability, limitations to specific environments, or a direct correlation with increased population growth, which do not align with the nature of density-independent influences.